I'm stressing the idea that program behavior is not affected because many purists are offended when someone uses the term refactoring to refer to any code change. I'm not a purist in that sense, but I do see where they're coming from.

On the other hand, I say generally because I think even Fowler mentions cases where performance is improved by refactoring. Performance is included in program behavior, I think.

It's important to realize that refactoring is not necessarily automatic. That's the focus of my concern here, but let's always remember that refactoring is a human activity, driven by the programmer whether it's totally automatic or totally manual. If you want a good refactoring editor, you can try vi.